The operations of a cell are governed by a complex network of regulatory proteins that turn genes on and off in response to a combination of history, genetics, and environment. The dizzying complexity of these networks can make it challenging to understand how they evolved by a series of incremental steps. But a paper released by Nature today describes how a new layer of regulatory control evolved in a species of yeast. In this case, the additional regulation allows that species to mate only when it's starving.
You might not realize that yeast have sex lives, but in fact, most of them have three sexes. Two of them, a and ? cells, carry a single set of chromosomes. When they mate, they fuse to form an a/? cell that operates with two sets of chromosomes (called a diploid). When it's a diploid, the yeast stays that way until starvation conditions cause it to divide up its chromosomes again and form spores.
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